Associate Professor of Mofid University Political Science Department
Abstract
The main question of this article is how, based on Imam Ali’s (AS) perspective on the people’s revolutionary struggle against Uthman, the phenomenon of struggle in the form of a revolution can be evaluated. The struggle against oppression is an Islamic principle that is widely reflected in the Qur’an and narrations. However, both the principle of struggle and the method of opposing oppression are addressed independently in these sources. Although the modern concept of revolution had not yet emerged in the early Islamic period, the movement that occurred during the reign of the third caliph can, by today's standards of revolutionary action, be regarded as more than a rebellion—it represents a form of revolution that occurred at a historically inopportune time. A close examination of the life, statements, and writings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghah reveals that the Imam Ali (AS) maintained a dual position: he held a critical view of the caliph’s actions while opposing the radicalism exhibited by the people in their uprising. Imam Ali (AS) criticized the caliph for various injustices and, at the same time, criticized the people for abandoning proper methods of struggle. The most important conclusion of this research is that Imam Ali (AS) upheld reform—expressed through criticism and counsel, constructive cooperation, non-cooperation, and similar means—as the correct method of struggle. In both theory and practice, he presented this approach as an alternative to revolutionary extremism.
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